exosome treated group  (Exosome Diagnostics)

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Recovery of motor function over an eight-week period following SCI, as assessed by the BBB test. The graph displays the BBB scores from day 1 through week 8 for the four experimental groups. Notably, animals in the exosome-treated group exhibited significantly enhanced functional recovery in comparison with those in the contusion group (**** P < 0.0001). (B) Sensory-motor coordination was evaluated using the Narrow Beam Test (NBT) over an eight-week period following SCI. The performance of the four experimental groups is illustrated in the graph. Prior to the SCI induction, all rats navigated the beam without difficulty. However, post-injury, they displayed significant challenges in traversing the beam, exhibiting poor foot placement. By the conclusion of the experiment, the group treated with exosomes demonstrated substantial improvement in performance compared to the contusion group, with a significance level of **** P < 0.0001. (C) Assessment of locomotor activity using the open-field test among the experimental groups. The graph illustrates the distances traveled by the rats throughout the experiment. Rats in the exosome treatment group demonstrated significantly higher locomotor activity, traveling greater distances compared to those in the contusion-only group. In contrast, the contusion group exhibited notably lower levels of locomotor activity(**** P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: In the contusion group, NeuN signal is markedly reduced, In the exosome-treated group, NeuN signal is partially preserved compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Functional Assay, Comparison, Activity Assay

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Western blot analysis was conducted eight weeks post-SCI to assess the changes in levels of IL-1β, IL-6, Caspase-3, and β-actin (A) . The results revealed a notable reduction in the expression of these markers in the exosome-treated group when compared to the contusion groupQuantification represents the mean of three biological replicates (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, **** P < 0.0001) (B).

Article Snippet: In the contusion group, NeuN signal is markedly reduced, In the exosome-treated group, NeuN signal is partially preserved compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sections of the spinal cord from the four experimental groups were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E): A, D) Laminectomy only; B, E) Contusion injury; C, F) Contusion + Exosomes. The stained sections were photographed using a microscope equipped with an integrated camera (Upper panel A-F). In the lower panel the assessment of Neural Cell Density, spinal cord and cavity volume (mm³). Representative images used for the statistical quantification shown in panels A–D are provided in . (A) Glial Cell Density: The analysis of glial cell density (cells ×1000/µm³) from the representative images demonstrated that the exosome-treated group exhibited lower glial cell density, reflecting a reduction in gliosis compared to the other groups. (B) Neural Cell Density: The quantification of neural cell density (cells × 1000/µm³) quantified from the representative images, indicated that the exosome-treated group had a higher neural cell density relative to the contusion-only and PBS-treated groups. (C) Cavity volume demonstrated a marked reduction in the exosome-treated group when compared to both the contusion and PBS-treated groups, with no cavity observed in the laminectomy group. (D) Spinal volume demonstrated a marked increase in the exosome-treated group compared to both the contusion and PBS-treated groups (* P < 0.5, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001) receptively.

Article Snippet: In the contusion group, NeuN signal is markedly reduced, In the exosome-treated group, NeuN signal is partially preserved compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Staining, Microscopy

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Real time PCR analysis of miR-19a-3p, miR-19b-3p, miR-27b and miR-24 expression across the experimental groups: Laminectomy, Contusion, Contusion + PBS and Contusion + Exosomes. The findings reveal that exosome therapy leads to a notable reduction in miR-19a-3p (A) and miR-19b-3p (B) expression, suggesting that the exosome-treated group exhibits significantly lower levels of miR-19a-3p and miR-19b-3p compared to the Contusion group and notable increase in miR-27b (C) and miR-24 (D) in the exosome-treated group in comparison with contusion group (**** P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: In the contusion group, NeuN signal is markedly reduced, In the exosome-treated group, NeuN signal is partially preserved compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Comparison

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative immunofluorescence images of spinal cord sections from two experimental groups. Contusion (A, B, C), and Contusion + Exosome (D, E, F). DAPI counterstain (A, D) with NeuN staining (B, E) and merge (C, F), showing neuronal distribution. In the contusion group, NeuN signal is markedly reduced, In the exosome-treated group, NeuN signal is partially preserved compared with the contusion group.

Article Snippet: In the contusion group, NeuN signal is markedly reduced, In the exosome-treated group, NeuN signal is partially preserved compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative immunofluorescence images of spinal cord sections from two experimental groups. Contusion (A, B, C), and Contusion + Exosome (D, E, F). DAPI counterstain (A, D) with GFAP staining (B, E) and merge (C, F). In the contusion group, GFAP expression is upregulated with hypertrophic astrocytes forming dense glial scarring. In the exosome-treated group GFAP reactivity is attenuated compared with the contusion group.

Article Snippet: In the contusion group, NeuN signal is markedly reduced, In the exosome-treated group, NeuN signal is partially preserved compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Recovery of motor function over an eight-week period following SCI, as assessed by the BBB test. The graph displays the BBB scores from day 1 through week 8 for the four experimental groups. Notably, animals in the exosome-treated group exhibited significantly enhanced functional recovery in comparison with those in the contusion group (**** P < 0.0001). (B) Sensory-motor coordination was evaluated using the Narrow Beam Test (NBT) over an eight-week period following SCI. The performance of the four experimental groups is illustrated in the graph. Prior to the SCI induction, all rats navigated the beam without difficulty. However, post-injury, they displayed significant challenges in traversing the beam, exhibiting poor foot placement. By the conclusion of the experiment, the group treated with exosomes demonstrated substantial improvement in performance compared to the contusion group, with a significance level of **** P < 0.0001. (C) Assessment of locomotor activity using the open-field test among the experimental groups. The graph illustrates the distances traveled by the rats throughout the experiment. Rats in the exosome treatment group demonstrated significantly higher locomotor activity, traveling greater distances compared to those in the contusion-only group. In contrast, the contusion group exhibited notably lower levels of locomotor activity(**** P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: In the exosome-treated group GFAP reactivity is attenuated compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Functional Assay, Comparison, Activity Assay

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Western blot analysis was conducted eight weeks post-SCI to assess the changes in levels of IL-1β, IL-6, Caspase-3, and β-actin (A) . The results revealed a notable reduction in the expression of these markers in the exosome-treated group when compared to the contusion groupQuantification represents the mean of three biological replicates (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, **** P < 0.0001) (B).

Article Snippet: In the exosome-treated group GFAP reactivity is attenuated compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sections of the spinal cord from the four experimental groups were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E): A, D) Laminectomy only; B, E) Contusion injury; C, F) Contusion + Exosomes. The stained sections were photographed using a microscope equipped with an integrated camera (Upper panel A-F). In the lower panel the assessment of Neural Cell Density, spinal cord and cavity volume (mm³). Representative images used for the statistical quantification shown in panels A–D are provided in . (A) Glial Cell Density: The analysis of glial cell density (cells ×1000/µm³) from the representative images demonstrated that the exosome-treated group exhibited lower glial cell density, reflecting a reduction in gliosis compared to the other groups. (B) Neural Cell Density: The quantification of neural cell density (cells × 1000/µm³) quantified from the representative images, indicated that the exosome-treated group had a higher neural cell density relative to the contusion-only and PBS-treated groups. (C) Cavity volume demonstrated a marked reduction in the exosome-treated group when compared to both the contusion and PBS-treated groups, with no cavity observed in the laminectomy group. (D) Spinal volume demonstrated a marked increase in the exosome-treated group compared to both the contusion and PBS-treated groups (* P < 0.5, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001) receptively.

Article Snippet: In the exosome-treated group GFAP reactivity is attenuated compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Staining, Microscopy

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Real time PCR analysis of miR-19a-3p, miR-19b-3p, miR-27b and miR-24 expression across the experimental groups: Laminectomy, Contusion, Contusion + PBS and Contusion + Exosomes. The findings reveal that exosome therapy leads to a notable reduction in miR-19a-3p (A) and miR-19b-3p (B) expression, suggesting that the exosome-treated group exhibits significantly lower levels of miR-19a-3p and miR-19b-3p compared to the Contusion group and notable increase in miR-27b (C) and miR-24 (D) in the exosome-treated group in comparison with contusion group (**** P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: In the exosome-treated group GFAP reactivity is attenuated compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Comparison

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative immunofluorescence images of spinal cord sections from two experimental groups. Contusion (A, B, C), and Contusion + Exosome (D, E, F). DAPI counterstain (A, D) with NeuN staining (B, E) and merge (C, F), showing neuronal distribution. In the contusion group, NeuN signal is markedly reduced, In the exosome-treated group, NeuN signal is partially preserved compared with the contusion group.

Article Snippet: In the exosome-treated group GFAP reactivity is attenuated compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: IBRO Neuroscience Reports

Article Title: Human umbilical cord plasma derived exosome changed the miRNAs expression and inhibits inflammation response in traumatic spinal cord Injury

doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative immunofluorescence images of spinal cord sections from two experimental groups. Contusion (A, B, C), and Contusion + Exosome (D, E, F). DAPI counterstain (A, D) with GFAP staining (B, E) and merge (C, F). In the contusion group, GFAP expression is upregulated with hypertrophic astrocytes forming dense glial scarring. In the exosome-treated group GFAP reactivity is attenuated compared with the contusion group.

Article Snippet: In the exosome-treated group GFAP reactivity is attenuated compared with the contusion group.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Therapeutic Exosomes Carrying VEGFA siRNA Inhibit Pathological Corneal Angiogenesis via PI3K–Akt–Caspase-3 Signaling

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines14010246

Figure Lengend Snippet: VEGFA siRNA-FAM-loaded exosome-mediated introduction into MSCs. ( A ) VEGFA siRNA-FAM (green fluorescence) was successfully injected into exosomes and delivered to target cells. White circles represent exosomes fluorescently labeled with VEGFA siRNA-FAM. ( B ) RT-PCR and Western Blot analysis of MSCs over time after treatment. A decrease in VEGFA mRNA and protein expression was observed under the same conditions. ( C ) Intracellular and extracellular VEGFA levels in MSCs were quantified over time using a multiplex assay. Bars represent 200 μm. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 were considered significant differences.

Article Snippet: After establishing the model, mice ( n = 6 per group) were randomly assigned to five groups: Normal control group (no suturing and injection; Normal), a Bevacizumab-treated group (Bevacizumab), a VEGFA siRNA-FAM-loaded exosome-treated group ( VEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO), a non-loaded Exosome-treated group (Exosome), and a PBS-treated control group (PBS).

Techniques: Fluorescence, Injection, Labeling, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Western Blot, Expressing, Multiplex Assay

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Therapeutic Exosomes Carrying VEGFA siRNA Inhibit Pathological Corneal Angiogenesis via PI3K–Akt–Caspase-3 Signaling

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines14010246

Figure Lengend Snippet: Decreased cell viability, increased apoptosis, and inhibited HUVEC-derived tube formation in MSCs induced by VEGFA siRNA-FAM-loaded exosomes in vitro. ( A ) Cell viability (CCK 8) as a function of VEGFA siRNA-FAM-loaded exosomes into the target cells according to exposure time. ( B ) Time-dependent effects of VEGFA siRNA treatment as determined by FACS analysis. Terms: Q1, necrosis; Q2, late apoptosis; Q3, survival; Q4, early apoptosis. ( C ) Morphological changes in tube formation in HUVECs over time after VEGFA siRNA-FAM-loaded exosome treatment. ( D ) Quantitative graph of the number of master segments involved in tube formation and total master segment length. Statistics: * p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.001 were considered significant differences, and were evaluated by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons. Scale bar = 200 μm.

Article Snippet: After establishing the model, mice ( n = 6 per group) were randomly assigned to five groups: Normal control group (no suturing and injection; Normal), a Bevacizumab-treated group (Bevacizumab), a VEGFA siRNA-FAM-loaded exosome-treated group ( VEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO), a non-loaded Exosome-treated group (Exosome), and a PBS-treated control group (PBS).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, In Vitro, CCK-8 Assay

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Therapeutic Exosomes Carrying VEGFA siRNA Inhibit Pathological Corneal Angiogenesis via PI3K–Akt–Caspase-3 Signaling

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines14010246

Figure Lengend Snippet: Establishment of conditions for the treatment of VEGFA siRNA-FAM-loaded exosomes in the right eye of each mouse with the CNV model in vivo. ( A ) Experimental timeline. After successful establishment of the CNV model, intrastromal injections were performed into the corneal stroma on days 7, 9, 12, 14, and 17, and sacrifice and biopsy were performed on day 21. ( B ) Fluorescence imaging after treatment with VEGFA siRNA-FAM-loaded exosomes. Fluorescence images of the VEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO-treated group are shown. Green signal (FAM) indicates that VEGFA siRNA-loaded exosomes have successfully entered the corneal stroma. ( C ) Quantification of total radiative efficiency (TRE) and average radiative efficiency (AER) at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after VEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO treatment. Data are presented as mean ± standard error. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Standard criteria: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: After establishing the model, mice ( n = 6 per group) were randomly assigned to five groups: Normal control group (no suturing and injection; Normal), a Bevacizumab-treated group (Bevacizumab), a VEGFA siRNA-FAM-loaded exosome-treated group ( VEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO), a non-loaded Exosome-treated group (Exosome), and a PBS-treated control group (PBS).

Techniques: In Vivo, Fluorescence, Imaging, Comparison

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Therapeutic Exosomes Carrying VEGFA siRNA Inhibit Pathological Corneal Angiogenesis via PI3K–Akt–Caspase-3 Signaling

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines14010246

Figure Lengend Snippet: VEGFA siRNA-FAM-loaded exosomes inhibit corneal neovascularization in vivo. ( A ) Representative anterior segment images from each group (Normal, Bevacizumab, VEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO, Exosomes, PBS). Images were taken on days 7, 9, 12, 14, 17, and 19 after model induction to compare changes in neovascularization over time. ( B ) Quantitative results of the angiogenic index (AI) (mean ± standard error, n = 6). A significant decrease was observed in the VEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO group from days 14 to 19. ( C ) Optical photograph (top) and immunohistochemical staining (bottom) of mouse corneas. The expression levels of CD31 and VEGFA were indicated by their respective fluorescence (green and red) within circles (corneas), and vascular signals were confirmed in the expanded image. ( D ) Western Blot analysis. The expression of CD31 (a marker of vascular endothelial cells) and VEGFA was compared in lysates collected from corneal tissues at day 21 (the time of sacrifice) in five groups. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 were considered significant differences. Scale bar = 200 μm.

Article Snippet: After establishing the model, mice ( n = 6 per group) were randomly assigned to five groups: Normal control group (no suturing and injection; Normal), a Bevacizumab-treated group (Bevacizumab), a VEGFA siRNA-FAM-loaded exosome-treated group ( VEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO), a non-loaded Exosome-treated group (Exosome), and a PBS-treated control group (PBS).

Techniques: In Vivo, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Expressing, Fluorescence, Western Blot, Marker

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Therapeutic Exosomes Carrying VEGFA siRNA Inhibit Pathological Corneal Angiogenesis via PI3K–Akt–Caspase-3 Signaling

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines14010246

Figure Lengend Snippet: VEGFA siRNA-FAM-loaded exosomes reduce angiogenesis and attenuate inflammatory changes. ( A ) H&E-stained mouse corneal tissue images. Anterior segment sections (top) and enlarged corneal sections (bottom) are shown for each group: Normal, Bevacizumab, VEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO, Exosome, and PBS. Neovascular invasion and inflammatory hypertrophy were attenuated in the VEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO group. Scale bar = 200 μm. ( B ) Quantification of the number of corneal neovascularization (mean ± standard error, n = 4). A significant reduction in blood vessels was observed in the VEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO group compared to PBS. ( C ) Quantification of corneal epithelial thickness (mean ± standard error, n = 6). Inflammatory epithelial hyperplasia was suppressed in the VEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons, and the significance levels were * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: After establishing the model, mice ( n = 6 per group) were randomly assigned to five groups: Normal control group (no suturing and injection; Normal), a Bevacizumab-treated group (Bevacizumab), a VEGFA siRNA-FAM-loaded exosome-treated group ( VEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO), a non-loaded Exosome-treated group (Exosome), and a PBS-treated control group (PBS).

Techniques: Staining

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Therapeutic Exosomes Carrying VEGFA siRNA Inhibit Pathological Corneal Angiogenesis via PI3K–Akt–Caspase-3 Signaling

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines14010246

Figure Lengend Snippet: VEGFA siRNA-FAM-loaded exosomes inhibit PI3K/Akt signaling and induce apoptosis. ( A ) Western Blot analysis showed that the VEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO group showed decreased levels of phosphorylated PI3K (p-PI3K, 85 kDa) and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt, 60 kDa), while cleaved caspase 3 (15–17 kDa) increased. Total PI3K (85 kDa) and total Akt (60 kDa) were presented as comparative indices, and β-actin (45 kDa) was used as a loading control. Band intensities were quantified by normalization to β-actin. ( B ) Immunofluorescence staining analysis. The expression of p-PI3K (green), p-Akt (red), and cleaved caspase-3 (green) in each treatment group (Normal, Bevacizumab, VEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO, Exosome, and PBS) was presented as a merged image with DAPI (blue) nuclear staining. The VEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO group showed a decrease in p-PI3K and p-Akt signals and an increase in cleaved caspase-3 signals, consistent with the Western Blot results. The white scale bar represents 200 μm.

Article Snippet: After establishing the model, mice ( n = 6 per group) were randomly assigned to five groups: Normal control group (no suturing and injection; Normal), a Bevacizumab-treated group (Bevacizumab), a VEGFA siRNA-FAM-loaded exosome-treated group ( VEGFA siRNA-FAM-EXO), a non-loaded Exosome-treated group (Exosome), and a PBS-treated control group (PBS).

Techniques: Western Blot, Control, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing